The expansion of the activities of the third sector in the past decades reinforced the division of labour between the State, which defines welfare policies, and CSOs providing the services (Ranci, 1994, 1999). Historically, civil society organisations have been involved in welfare politics in mutual accommodation with the state, with a substitutive role in providing basic public services. The role of civil society organisations (CSOs) in Italy and, more broadly, the ‘third sector’ has been the subject of different strands of the literature, as they constitute a pillar of the Italian welfare model in line with the southern European welfare model (see for instance Ferrera, 1996, 2001, 2005 Fazzi, 2013). Furthermore, we can also observe how economic migrants generally tend to be less supported. In general, much is left to the single CSO to fill in the needs of MRAs beyond minimal provisions established by law, with just asylum seekers and refugees having better opportunities and support. Our findings point out that the fragmentation of the policy framework in terms of employment and integration, and an unfavourable legislation (above all, migration law) shape the kind of prevalent activities of CSOs and negatively impact the potential for integration of MRAs in the labour market.
To achieve this, we combine qualitative data from semi-structured interviews to CSO representatives as well as MRAs. The paper analyses the role played by CSOs in practice, looking at the dynamics of demand and offer of services through the perspective of both the CSOs and MRAs.
In this paper, we address the role of civil society organisations (CSOs) in Italy with regard to the integration of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees (MRAs) in the labour market.
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